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Thursday 19 May 2011

12.

Has new and digital media had an impact upon ownership and control of the media insitutions involved in your case study? Explain in detail any impact and what exactly has changed.

The advertising industry has definately had an impact upon ownership and control of the media institutions involved in advertising, this is mainly because individuals including, Rupert Murdoch owns 'News of the World', 'The Sun' as well as 'BskyB' etc and in March 2011, the U.K. approved Murdoch to buy the remaining 61% of BSkyB. Also, Richard Desmond owns OK! magazine, channel 5, the daily express and the daily star. This could be an example of how the feminist theory is right because most media leaders are men, which shows that this society is a male dominent society, where men own and control how the media is going to work.


Going back to Rupert Murdoch, it links to new and digital media because looking at 'The Times' for example, there is now an app for smart phones and the iPad which they named, 'The iPad edition', a twitter account and there is now a website which allows users to interact by creating an account.

Rupert Murdoch was seen as "the man who wants to control news in America", and people were getting scared because they knew Murdoch will get his way if they didn't act fast. Mr Murdoch is not the biggest in the US but he has become increasingly powerful. "His news channel, Fox News, has more ratings than CNN and he recently cemented a deal to buy DirecTV, the biggest satellite broadcaster. His other properties in the US include the Fox free-to-air network, the New York Post, the Fox movie studio, publisher Harper Collins and 34 TV stations; in the US, broadcasters pay local stations to carry programming. In Britain, News Corporation controls the Times, the Sun and BSkyB."

Rupert Murdoch is one example of someone who has control and ownership over his decisions as a media "Professional".





What impact has there been on the way the audience now consume media products/texts involved in your case study?does it differ from what went before

The audience look at adverts and choose whether to look at it or not, and choose whether or not to consume it depending on the product or service as each product/service appeals to a certain group of individuals that are willing to consume and pay for that particular thing.

It is different today from before as there werent as much opportunity on how to advertise the product before as there is today, as there is television, radio, magazine, newspaper etc, which will help businesses in gaining a profit through showing their product/serive to the world. Audiences depend on the media to find out about a product, where looking back individuals had to go a store and find out by either looking at the packaging or by asking questions, this is seen as a wierd thing to many people as they look at an advert and decide whether or not they want it, which means that adverts must ensure they have all the details on that 20-30 second advert including price, product and place. Adverts now do the hard work for audiences, making our life easier.





10: What impact has there been on how the media institution now has to produce the texts and the way in which the texts/products are distributed and e

Media institution produce adverts by firstly analysing your product and target customers, as each ad has to be made for those who are interested in buying the product. Secondly, you will have know who is going to buy or use your product/service, for this particular part you will have to search the market through the internet, you can see who your target audience is by producing surveys and talking to various experienced people Thirdly, you will have to see what your unique selling point is and use it to your advantage, so look for something that competitors don't have. You then have to understand why people will buy your product. When you are done you have to decide how to effectively show the product message, which is usually done through the tone and style of the ad, the unique selling point and the right information used to grab the audience. When you have finished producing the advert, you will need to choose the right type of media text that you will promote the advert on including magazines, newspapers, the web, radio etc.

Looking at all institutions and how they advertise their product as a whole, they're is competition that what platform they are going to base their advert, as if coca cola for example was to advertise on television, Ribena will then have to do the same in order to get the same kind of target audience, this has a huge impact on institutions as they are in constant competition, knowing that the audience may not want to look at your product, instead looking at another.

9: Is the size of the audience any different now than before the impact of new and digitial media (or has the pattern of usage changed)?

As their are different types of advertising, I think the size of the audience has changed for the better, as it has attracted more people to view a product and have a choice, whether to buy it or not- and this is what businesses need to have in mind when promoting a product as the advert needs to appealing to the masses, so colours, the message and the objective needs to be clear, imaginative and creative in order to have an successful impact on the audience.

Audiences choose their platform and choose whether to pay attention to the adverts on that particular media text. For example i prefer to look at magazines and websites, and look at adverts from that media text, but i only choose to look at it if the advert best relates to me- i would think that this would go to all kinds of audiences.

Agencies are always in competition, with views etc. Ad Age, is a site which shows how well adverts are doing ranking them through their views. Where Microsoft came in at number 1, with a total of 1,476,871 views with the agency JWT, and in number 5, Virgin media came in with 731,982 with the agency DDB, whereas at number 10, Downy came in with 593,684 with the agency Mike in the Window. From the results it is obvious that the most successful advert is from a very successful institution, Microsoft.

Wednesday 18 May 2011

8: Who are the primary target audience now and has this changed? Who was it before and how do you know?

Looking back to when adverts where first launched into the society, the platform it mainly focused on was print; which means adverts where mainly located in magazines, newspapers, billboards etc, this was before television and internet was discovered. However, there is now e-media and broadcast which include radio, television, internet, etc- and this is what helps companies become successful because they are showing their product/service to the world through the media, where companies would most likely put it on successful websites or between two successful television shows.

In 1856, the first full page newspaper ad was published in the New York Ledger. This was obviously a big deal and cost very little compared to today, as today it costs thousands to put an advert in a popular newspaper or magazine, as institutions know they will pay- which is why big companies have bigger adverts while smaller companies have a smaller advert placed somewhere.

Today, there are advertising agencies that play the role of a pr, where they do the job of putting your product/service in the media. An example of an advertising agency is www.londoncreative.com, where they have worked with icelolly.com, Speedo, coca cola, and Sony Ericson and also do work with films such as 'No strings attached', 'Stat trek' and 'I love you Phillip Morris'. Another successful advertising agency is 'HAVAS', where they have worked with institutions such as Westfield, Locoste, Nike, Strepsils, and Volvo etc.




1: Consider theoretical perspectives in relation to the impact of new/digital media in your case study.


The theoretical perspectives in relation to the impact of the advertising industry can relate to the marxist and postmodern theory. It is obvious that audiences and the media no longer know what is real, because we believe what is put out there and the media believe what they put out there- adverts sometimes put misleading information in order to draw audiences in, for example the Olay advert; they said there was pentapeptides. However, it could be argued that the media aren't in control of what we see or choose to believe. Also, the media usually give audiences what they want in an advert, for example in the cadbury advert they added humour and a chocolate bar. Audiences are the ones who choose how they want to view the advert.

Adverts are shown in different types of platforms such as T.V. radio, internet, etc. These are just ways of advertising but the most popular ones today are on social networking sites such as facebook, twitter, Tumblr, youtube etc. Celebrities are advertised on these sites and so are products/services, knowing that more and more people are signing up to these 'social networking sites' means a easy way of marketing your product to the world successfully.

The impact of the advertising industry is shown through the budgets and profits made from adverts. Coca-cola have been successful, and they only advertise to remind the audience that there product is still existing- this goes for all big leading products.

Looking back at when I stated that audiences choose how they want to view an advert, I am going to choose a institution and explore how they advertise their product.
I have chosen to explore L'Oreal, where they have used a bunch of celebrities to sell their products. Celebrities include Cheryl Cole, Gwen Stefani, Eva Longoria etc. They have used young and fresh looking women which will give audiences a sense of wanting to look like them, but what they don't know is that they have probably been photoshopped etc. So, it is up to audiences to look at it and ask, "Do i want this product?"


Tuesday 17 May 2011

Case Study Q's

1: Consider theoretical perspectives in relation to the impact of new/digital media in your case study.


8: Who are the primary target audience now and has this changed? Who was it before and how do you know?

9: Is the size of the audience any different now than before the impact of new and digitial media (or has the pattern of usage changed)?

10: What impact has there been on how the media institution now has to produce the texts and the way in which the texts/products are distributed and exhibited?

11: What impact has there been on the way in which the audience now consume the media products/texts involved in your case study? How does it differ from what went before?

12: Has new and digital media had an impact upon ownership and control of the media insitutions involved in your case study? Explain in detail any impact and what exactly has changed.


Friday 1 April 2011

Evaluation Questions

1: Is your production a reflection of the issues or a solution to the issues discussed in your Critical investigation.

I have decided to base my production on trying to solve the issue; my issue discusses the media obsession with sex and drugs, where my website shows how the media can be more appropriate but entertaining to masses. I have done this by using the right images, context and layout- for example within my context it has headlines including, "Top Celibates", I have specifically done this because in today's society celebrities are role models to the audience, where they want to be like them, so in order to be like them they must almost be a reflection of their actions, like a mirror; copying every move. Another example are stories which include, "Yes, you are looking at the new face of 'Clean Teen' or on the entertainment page, there is an interview which covers a story about a women who was a drug addict and has transformed her life for the better, so I have given a brief summary of her life and then questions including, “So, what do you have to say about your past?” and “Why did you decide to be so open and honest?”- Conventionally, it is common to have answers underneath the questions. Finally, I have made up stories depending on the images, so for example, the first story on the 'Gossip' page includes a girl who looks puzzled, so I decided to name the story, “Destina Gomez still wearing promise ring” where the promise ring is a symbol which stars wear to indicate that they are ‘virgins’. My website is a celebrity based website which gives insight on how the media could give true and not sex/drugs/violence related interpretations of celebrities and the public.

2: On a scale of 1 – 5 (5 being the best) to what extent does your production demonstrate autonomous, secure and confident use of the chosen technology, 
(With explicit examples – discuss how) 
?

Looking at my production, I would give it a 4, this is mainly due to the fact that I produced three mock-ups, which then lead me to choosing one and sticking to that idea- This shows the level of confidence and security I had with the challenge of producing a four page website, that is a solution to my topic. As I chose to use the same system as AS- iWeb, it lead me to work harder and show how much my work has changed, I used more experimental key features including colours, boxes, images and context, where looking at my AS and A2 work, you could tell that I have used the time right. However, if I were to push myself even more I would have used more techniques such as moving images or a short video. This would have shown a more complex approach to make my production achieve a higher level.

3: On a scale of 1 – 5 (5 being the best) – to what extent does your production engage with institutional and genre codes and conventions and show aesthetic credibility. 
(With explicit examples – discuss how) 


Looking at my production, I would have to say 4 to engaging with institutional and genre codes and conventions and shows aesthetic credibility, this is mainly because of how I’ve laid out my page as it includes a lot of boxes with different concepts, for example in 'The Launch' page, it has a big box and little boxes underneath, I have specifically done this because when I looked at websites, i found out that they all use a big box for exclusive news and little boxes for other stories- I have used this approach on all pages. Another example of use of boxes is for adverts and the sponsor, where I have put at least one advert in every page as when I researched websites, it was conventionally to do so- an example of a advert is a beauty product called, "Beauty Division", another example is Durex, which is also my sponsor, as it links to solving my issue as it is advertising safe sex.

Use of imagery is a key feature that must be used in every celebrity based website as audiences usually look at images before actually reading the context, so I made all the images larger then anything else and the text on top where it should be. Another way of using images on my website, is for the interview- where the image is big to show how exclusive it is; also on the first page, where under the title 'Top Celibates' there are six images located in that area, where names aren't visible because I would like to think audiences already know who they are. Finally, images are used for social networking sites, as there is an independent box for twitter, where I made the logo myself, there is a box to show who the comment is by and text next to it to show what audiences think of the show and updates.

Another conventional element that I have used is the use of footer, navigation menu and page numbers. Starting with the navigation menu, I decided to make it myself, where I started to make the page names, then making each page have a a separate hyperlink as if the whole menu was a link, I then added white stars in between the separate links; the text is red and when you click on it goes white. The pages itself is conventional for a celebrity based website, where it also has to link to the name of the website, 'Fashion Limited'- where i have specifically chosen page names such as 'the launch' and 'trending', I have also used conventional celebrity related website names including 'Gossip' and 'Entertainment'. Every website should have a footer at the bottom or sometimes the top of the page, in my case, I have chosen to put it on the bottom of the page with the page numbers on top of it, this is a constant thing on my website, as it is used on every page.

Also, I have chosen to use social networking logos including twitter, facebook and twitter as I feel as though these are the most successful today. I decided to have a box that is specifically for twitter, as twitter has become the most popular social networking site, which I feel all websites should include because it allows audiences to feel involved and connected. The logo is another conventional feature as most celebrity based websites have a big logo at the top of the page.

4: On a scale of 1 – 5 (5 being the best) – to what extent does your production reflect your knowledge and understanding of the chosen area? 
(With explicit examples – discuss how) 



Again i would give my production a 4, this is mainly because i feel as if i have established what my production is about, as my context relates to my issue, an example is on the 'Entertainment page' there is a box on the right, where the title is, "Celebs on sex, drugs and violence" and inside the box there are quotes by celebrities, for example, Lil Wayne says, "Safe sex is good sex...", this is a way of understanding the chosen area as it links back to my issue of solving the issue.

.5: What does your production explore in terms of? - 

- text(s), (With explicit examples – discuss how) 
- themes, (With explicit examples – discuss how) 
- issues (With explicit examples – discuss how) 
- debates (With explicit examples – discuss how) 



Texts:

-Website : E-media, where from question four, it is obvious that I have conventionally used all the qualities that should be in a typical website which is celebrity based, including images, context, layout etc.

Themes:

- Logo

- Links

- Navigation bar

- Colours

- Social networking sites box

- constant layout

Issues:

- Every celebrity-based website are similar, as they have false interpretations of celebrities and audiences, for example celebrity stories are mostly false and have an impact on audiences, or they have models instead of real women, also the health pages are mainly filled with diet pages that supposedly 'celebrities' do. However my website does the opposite by solving the issue, an example is my sponsor, i have chosen to re-create the durex advert as it not only advertises safe sex, but also could be some kind of role model.

Debates:

- Are the topics raised just a phase that will soon be just in the past: Every website has great ideas, but how long will it last for? That is a question that should be kept in mind

6: Looking at the Mark Scheme – 
What Level does your work fall into and explain exactly why.

Level 3, my production has shown that i can use the technology successfully, as I have used colours, context and layout to an advantage. Looking at my issue and my production, I feel as if I have an understanding on the links that both have. Also, I have done a lot of research and my product shows the level of engagement. To move up to a level four, I have to add more features that will create that unique effect, such as moving images or a moving image.


Friday 25 March 2011

Mock Exam/Production

1) With four days to go, write a summary of where you are and how much further you have to go to secure a level 4 mark.

So far, I have done my layout, put all my pictures into its specific place and added the colours; all i have to do now is add font and text.

2) What key things can i note for my evaluation
The key things i can include in my evaluation is how hard it was to choose the font for the logo and the actual text. Also, to create a website that links to my topic.

3) a. What three things can i take from other peoples work that will help me improve mine - -The use of editing in pictures
- The use of colours
- The types of font used

b. What three things have i done better then others
- I have made a lot of adverts, where at least two are placed in one page
- My images, as they all have different locations and shots
- My context, as it links to my issue

4) What specific institutions will my text be shown by or used by and prove it. (Give examples of other texts that are similar to what i have done)
sites including Heatworld.com , ok.co.uk or cosmopolitan have a samiliar feel to my production as it has the same target audience and the same concept. the use of aderts, boxes and text is the same as these three examples.

Wednesday 2 February 2011

Mest 4: Essay Plan

The media obsession with sex and drugs

Introduction – A brief description of my independent research and a discussion based on my topic, representations and stereotypes.

Hypothesis: The media and audience, focusing on two of the three platforms e-media and print and showing how media texts represent sex and drugs.

My critical investigation will focus on the representation of sex and drugs with the help of the two platforms print, and broadcast using media texts including magazines, newspapers and television. I will be looking closely as whether institutions use issues to inform or to simply gain a profit and a name, also giving an insight on how audiences are influenced and react to these texts. Furthermore I will be investigating whether they use stereotypes or reality to represent sex and drugs. (S, R, A)
I will discuss how moral panics link to sex and drugs by using celebrity and print as a support. As my topic mainly focuses on representations, I will be using textual examples such as 90210 and Skins. (R, G, S)

Media representations of sex and drugs in the media
Within this paragraph I will be discussing the texts that I have analyzed. I will also show how these texts show and support how representations are used to investigate sex and drugs, presenting it to the audience for entertainment use. (R)
Looking at a variety of media texts that are based around the same issues, it is obvious that they copy ideas but add a feature that will get audiences excited and institutions a profit. 90210, Skins and Eminem’s music video for Purple pill are some of the media texts which represent these issues. (R, M)

How moral panic are involved in issues surrounding sex and drugs
“A moral panic is the intensity of feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten the social order. Jones, M, and E. Jones. (1999).” Moral panics in media texts are often exaggerated and perhaps designed to inspire a threat as television programmes usually focus on characters that are made up. I will link this to “90210” and will show and discuss how teenagers are being put in situations where they are dealing with adult issues including drugs, pregnancy, love etc. (P, S, R)
In skins, 90210 and magazines, it refers to the social norms and values of teenagers. I will be using these media texts to show how reality is used to create issues as a way of relating to their target audience- this will relate to moral panics as I will be stating how teens use these shows to become something there not by acting older. (M, P)

How adverts influence the audience
In Anthony J. Cortese’s book he says, “The exemplary female prototype in advertising, regardless of product or service, displays youth (no lines or wrinkles), good looks, sexual seductiveness…The perfect provocateur is not human; rather she is a form and hollow shell representing a female figure. Accepted attractiveness is her only attribute.” This quote seems accurate as Cortese points out that if women want to look like he ones in adverts, they will have to spend a lot of time and money on this never ending journey, so it somehow relates to sexism in advertising.
Men are also shown as the ‘perfect provocateur’ as Baudrillard (1990) states that only women are seducers, but empirical evidence on advertising suggests ‘that men too, are seducers- a male version of the perfect provocateur. The ideal man in adverts are young, handsome, clean cut and sexually alluring’- this shows that there is an issue where institutions are criticized for telling audiences that they have to look great at all times, where it suggests that it is only women who face visual demands for physical ‘perfection’.

The comparison of men’s and women’s magazines
Looking directly at the two magazines I will be comparing, FHM and Glamour- I will be looking at the topics, the celebrities and the raised, showing how institutions use these to relate and sell to audiences. From the two magazines, it is obvious that they rely on the celebrities to sell, this is shown through all there copies- as glamour focuses on the fashion and the simplicity of celebs however FHM focuses on the sexiness and positioning of celebs- where the concept of the magazines are the reasons for this.
The topics raised in Glamour are sex, fashion, looks and real life issues however in FHM the topics are mainly about girls and sex with some references to sports and fashion. In my essay I will discuss how these topics are used inside the magazine and why institutions have done it in this particular way. Another similarity is that they both have online magazines. (ML, R)

Playboy girls - from porn stars to real women.
In playboy magazines, they are purely famous because she is ‘beautiful’, she is only seen for the pose which could be seen as soft porn. So, are magazines for men are likely to be stereotypical and perhaps sexist? (F, S, R)
Initially playboy girls are seen for a few things, .i.e. in the sense of the male gaze and sex- where a show called, ‘girls in the playboy mansion’ created this image of three girls playing a role of porn stars by become a girlfriend to Hugh Hefner, into women that people can relate to because of their jobs, their family and husband- where we see this through shows like Kendra (where audiences can also relate to her past, binge drinking and taking drugs at a young age etc) and Holly’s world (Where they can relate to the location that she is in, the job she has taken after the playboy mansion, etc). As a result of this, I will discuss how the girls have become more respected by the media and audiences. (P, M)

Celebrities and rehab
The media and audiences are becoming more and more obsessed with celebrity lifestyle- whether it is fact or fiction, institutions will do whatever it takes to feed audiences with they want by aiming to protect their economic interest, where the mass media produces false stereotypes and consciousness which leads to these being continuous, making audiences think what they see is true- and thanks to magazines, newspapers and social networking sites, it has become easier to locate audiences. Rehab has become a topic for a few months now, with more and more celebrities entering for their drug and alcohol addiction to even bizarre reasons which include sex addiction. From this I will be discussing different celebrities that have entered including the most shocking stories which include Disney stars and other innocent stars. (M, P, I)

Do institutions use sex and drugs to inform and entertain?
Audiences usually use the mass media to learn the latest news, find information, or to entertain. The importance of the media is to form decisions and to make us think and the mass media plays a major role in creating opinions and connecting people. Usually media texts are made to represent reality, for example skins represents how teenagers experiment with alcohol, sex and drugs and the effect of these on characters. (S, ML, ID, I)
According to estimates, most people consider TV their main source of entertainment- where we turn on our favourite TV programmes, music videos and new films as a source of entertainment; but is this just done for money? The Marxist theory states that institutions feed audiences with what they want by aiming to protect their economic interest, “Identity is complicated, everybody thinks they’ve got one. Artists play with the idea of identity in modern society.” - David Gauntlett (2007) states that the mass media produces false stereotypes and consciousness which leads to these ideas being continuous and making audiences think what they see is true. (M, I, ID)
The Hypodermic Needle Model suggests that the information from a text passes into the mass consciousness of the audience unmediated, i.e. the experience, intelligence and opinion of an individual are not relevant to the reception of the text. This theory suggests that, as an audience, we are manipulated by the creators of media texts, and that our behaviour and thinking might be easily changed by media-makers. It assumes that the audience are passive and heterogenous. This theory is still quoted during moral panics. (A, I, M)

How audiences can relate to ‘Jersey Shore’
Jersey shore is a reality TV series that doesn’t shy away from subjects that happen in today’s society, mostly involving sex, partying, relationships, love etc. In this section, I will discuss how Jersey shore uses sex as an advantage using the cast and the location as a support. (ID, M, R)
Also, Controversy: MTV received criticism from Italian Americans fro the way in which they marketed the shows by using guido and guidette, as one promotion stated that the show was to follow, "eight of the hottest, tannest, craziest Guidos'- where 'Guido' and 'Guidette' is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians. (I, M, R)
“Reality television is a relatively new fad in America that is sweeping the networks’ ratings and redefining programming altogether. Viewers cannot seem to get enough of the torture, embarrassment, temptation, and above all, drama of other regular, everyday people being placed in unrealistic settings and manipulated for the world to see.” – This quote was made by Grady, Barbara K. (1982). What is TV’s “reality” doing to students’ perception of the real world? I will be using this quote in my essay because I think it relates to what audiences see in reality shows and what they need to do in order to get audiences watching. Jersey Shore has been said to be the most watched show on MTV, which is why they have used the name to advertise MTV as a whole. (A, I, M)

Feminist theory
The feminist theory shows whether the media shapes the media by having to put in mind that women should be treated the same as men. In media texts, it is up to the audience to decide whether or not it has a positive or negative opinion on how women are treated. However, it could be argued that the media is only giving a representation of a made up person and it is not the media who is influencing them. (M, A, S)
I will be linking the feminist theory to my essay by adding quotes as a support.
“To the mind of the modern girl, legs, like busts, are power points which she has been taught
to tailor, but as parts of the success kit rather than erotically or sensuously. She swings
her legs from the hip with masculine drive and confidence. She knows that “a long-legged
gal can go places.” As such, her legs are not intimately associated with her taste or with her
unique self but are merely display objects like the grill work on a car.”—Marshall McLuhan “The Mechanical Bride” – This quote can be linked to the feminist theory as it discusses the representations of what women are like today perhaps giving an insight on what the media tells audiences to do in order to be accepted and how the audience may understand the text. (F, A)
Laura Mulvey is one example of a feminist theorist, where she believes that men and women are imbalanced, analyzing the way men see women, women see themselves and the way women see others- as audiences see the media as a male dominant society, where we live in a society where males decide everything. In my essay I will be using Laura Mulvey as an example as I think she discusses topics that I am analyzing. (F, A, I)
I will also include other theories including audience theory, genre theory, postmodernism, Marxism, and stereotypes.

Religious views
Within this paragraph, I will be discussing how certain religions are linked to my topics, mainly focusing on Islam and Christianity. They both share similar and also contrasting views regarding these sex and drugs- as in the QUR’AN it states that “O You who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones and (divination by) arrows are an abomination of Satan’s handiwork. Avoid (such abominations) that you may prosper. (5:90)” This described intoxicants amongst other things as being appalling, despicable and hateful acts of Satan and he has commanded us to abstain from them; whereas in the Bible it states, Bible on drugs: “A drug is a chemical substance which alters the way in which a body functions, thereby affecting the person taking it physically, perceptually, behaviourally or emotionally; sometimes in a destructive or harmful manner. The purpose of using drugs medicinally is, as far as possible, to restore a person to full health, wholeness. As such the responsible and controlled use of medicinal drugs is acceptable.( 2 Corinthians 7 verse 1 )” - this also states that harmful drugs are unacceptable. (I, M)

Conclusion – A summary of my key points linking them back to the title of my independent study
It can be seen that within my media texts the representation of sex and drugs are used through institutions using stereotypes for audiences to become familiar with the text- this is usually done by institutions copying each others ideas but somehow adding or changing a few areas which will get audiences more excited and institutions a profit. This will create a chance for audience’s ideas, views and opinions to be expressed within the text. (M, A, R, S)
So, I will discuss the representations of sex and drugs within the media stating how it has affected audiences through celebrities, TV etc, I will also discuss how the media has changed using media theorist to support my topic.

Thursday 27 January 2011

Mest 4.

General Research:

Religious views on sex and drugs.

- The conventional theory views drug attitudes as primarily coming from people’s political ideology, level of religious commitment, and personality. The other theory, proposed by the researchers and driven by ideas from evolutionary psychology, holds that drug attitudes are really driven by people’s reproductive strategies.


- Bible on drugs: A drug is a chemical substance which alters the way in which a body functions, thereby affecting the person taking it physically, perceptually, behaviourally or emotionally; sometimes in a destructive or harmful manner. The purpose of using drugs medicinally is, as far as possible, to restore a person to full health, wholeness. As such the responsible and controlled use of medicinal drugs is acceptable.
( 2 Corinthians 7 verse 1 )



- Bible on drugs: We are not meant to have 'other gods / idols'. The things our lives revolve around become our 'gods'. For the addict, whatever the addiction, something has taken the place of God.
( Exodus 20 erse 3 - 4 , Romans 1 verse 25 )



- QUR’AN on drugs: O You who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones and (divination by) arrows are an abomination of Satan’s handiwork. Avoid (such abominations) that you may prosper. (5:90)


- Allah Ta’ala has described intoxicants amongst other things as being appalling, despicable and hateful acts of Satan and he has commanded us to abstain from them, Allah thereafter states in the next verse: -
Satan’s plan is to sow hatred and enmity amongst you with intoxicants and gambling, and to hamper you from the remembrance of Allah and from prayer. Will you not give up? (5:91)


- Throughout history, God put His stamp of approval on human sexuality and reproduction. To Abraham and later to Jacob (Israel) He basically said, "I am God and I want you to reproduce!"
I am God Almighty: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings shall come out of thy loins ( Genesis 35:11 ; see also Genesis 12:1,2,7 ).



- Saint Paul subscribed marriage as a solution to such excesses:
Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife, and let every woman have her own husband ( 1 Corinthians 7:2 ).



- Marriage and sex are among the signs of God's power and blessings. The Qur'an says, "And among His signs is that He has created for you spouses from among yourselves so that you may live in tranquility with them; and He has created love and mercy between you. Verily, in that are signs for those who reflect."(30:21 )

From these few verses of the Qur'an, one can easily understand that according to Islam: (a) marriage is a sign of God's power and blessings; (b) marriage is a highly recommended act of virtue which should not be avoided because of poverty; (c) sexual urge is a creative command of God placed in human nature. After equating sex with Allah's creative command, there can be no room for equating it with guilt, sin or evil.



- The Qur'an clearly disapproves of killing other humans: “Take not life which Allah has made sacred” (6:151; see also 4:29 “If a man kills a believer intentionally, his recompense is Hell, to abide therein (for ever)” (4:93). Allah (SWT) went even further, making unlawful killing of a single individual human being equal to mass murder of the whole of mankind: "Because of that, We ordained for the children of Israel that if anyone killed a person not in retaliation for murder or for spreading mischief on earth, it would be as if he killed all mankind. And who saved a life, it would be as if he saved all mankind." (Al-Maidah, 5:32)



Advert on these issues:



Children as young as eight are talking about being pressured for sex and taking drugs are the stars of a new government TV campaign.
"In less than four years I'll start going to parties where I'll be drinking alcohol," says one girl; another says how before she is 15 she will be drinking at a party and a boy will "pressure me for sex"; a boy says that he will soon be at his first gig, presumably drinking, where he will then be offered drugs by an older boy.
The TV and cinema campaign, from the Department for Children, Schools and Families, which you can see for the first time on MediaGuardian.co.uk, aims to drive home that young children are only a few years away from being in social situations where they will be exposed to underage drinking and its consequences.
"The sooner we talk to our kids about alcohol the less chance that drink will start making decisions for them," runs a voiceover at the end of the ad.
The campaign, which has been created by the ad agency Wieden & Kennedy London, includes two television ads and a cinema commercial. One of the TV ads will air in general programming to target families; the second carries a 9pm watershed restriction as it uses more hard-hitting language and descriptions of potential negative consequences around drinking.
The cinema campaign breaks on 1 February. Press ads will run in and around TV listings in women's weekly magazines. There will also be a radio campaign.
"Children as young as 13 are often already drinking at parties and facing some pretty grown up decisions," said Paul Jordan and Angus Macadam, creative directors at W&K. "This campaign is a reminder that good decision are harder to make when you have been drinking."
The campaign is designed to tie in with alcohol awareness advertising from the Home Office and the Department of Health.


Ian Monk: Sex and drugs give show the X Factor

So, in the end it wasn't the sex or the drugs that did for alleged hooker Chloe Heald's chances of progressing on the X Factor. It was the rock 'n' roll because, like thousands of contestants, she couldn't really sing.



Ian Monk


Sex and drugs merely fuelled the publicity for Chloe and the show. Claims that she had worked as a prostitute filled many X Factor-branded pages, as did the view that exposure on national TV would enhance the price of her non-musical services.
Photographs of her snorting cocaine published by a Sunday redtop were also avariciously followed up across the media. Did the show's canny publicists court and welcome the flood of publicity generated by the lifestyle choices of Chloe - who uses the 'working' and stage name of Mafia? Was it a triumphant publicity campaign or a failed damage limitation exercise? Chloe's subsequent appearance on the relatively genteel confines of This Morning to discuss her life certainly suggests that ITV makes few judgements on the personal lives of those it invites on to its sofas.
In a non-judgemental age, why should it? And yet questions remain. Recent advertising research shows the X Factor is right up there with The Sun as the most effective method of getting a product message to a mass audience.
Presumably all the brands that convey their message via Simon Cowell's leviathan of a show are happy with the juxtapositioning of their brands with the values of the show's raunchier contestants?
The tabloids that fawn over the X Factor tend to take a stern moral line on sex and drugs, which enables them to boost circulation off a celebrity scandal.
No matter that Team Beckham is stridently denying every aspect of every claim being made by the call girl who alleges a liaison with him. The media are using his denials and mega lawsuits to link his name to hers in banner headlines across all platforms.
X Factor Hooker Is A Junkie is a headline cast in tabloid heaven. Whether it is one that could potentially bite the hands of the show's publicists and those of its stakeholders remains to be seen.



Statistics:
Few young people nowadays wait until they’re 18 to drink. By the time they reach 15, more than eight out of 10 have already tried alcohol.
In minor cases this will cause the slurring, staggering and sickness associated with being drunk. But the consequences can be much more severe. Statistics show that around 5,000 teenagers are admitted to hospital every year for alcohol-related reasons.
Teenagers who get drunk run other risks, too:
• In a 2007 survey, one in five teenagers admitted to drink driving, while a third (32%) had been a passenger in a car with a driver who was drunk.
• Drinking alcohol can make teenagers forget all about safe sex. Statistics show that after drinking, 11% of young people engaged in unprotected sex in 2007. 11% again claimed to regret that sexual encounter.
• Alcohol plays a big part in antisocial behaviour, crime and violence. A Home Office survey found that one in five (18%) 12-13 year olds and over a quarter (28%) of 14-15 year olds caused damage while drinking, while one in 10 15-16 year olds said that drinking had led them to get in trouble with the police.







Wednesday 26 January 2011

Mest 4: Task 2 & 3.

Bibliography:

Book Research;

- Media Studies: AS & A2, Representation and regulation, Page 101 - Media Regulations: The Obscene Publications Act (1959, redrafted 1964); ensures that nothing obscene could be represented in the media. So, for example, the 9 p.m. 'watershed' remains important for broadcasters, not just in terms of content of programmes shown pre-watershed, but also in the representation that may be used.
The Sex discrimination act (1986); prevents the broadcast or publication of any material which could be offensive.
The broadcasting act (1990); states that ITC (Independent Television Commission) must ensure that programmes broadcast will not be offensive in any way.
Regulatory bodies: Advertising Standards Agency; is responsible for maintaining standards in adverts and addressing complaints from members of the public who find an advert offensive in some way (Beyonce's HEAT advert)
- EFFECTS THEORY: page 92; The mass audience is thus manipulated and indoctrinated by society and progressively less able to critisise it... In terms of media, we consume, therefore, we watch TV Programmes, not because we want to, but because we have been conditioned to watch them.

- David M. Barlow and Brett Mills, Reading Media Theory; Thinkers, approachers, contexts- Chapter 19 page 482, Feminist media theory; introduction to Feminist media theory.
in 2006 the high-street news-agent chain WHSmith decided that 'lads mags' should not be shelved with other lifestyle magazines as they previously had, but would instead in the top shelf... For those upset by this decision, it was evidence of the unnecessary encroadchment of feminism into everyday life, in which the supposed harmless appreciation of the female body is a bit of a laugh, and quite different from pornography.
Page 493: As a consequence of feminism questioning assumptions about gender norms, there has also recently been a growth in the analysis of masculinity, exploring the ways in which 'male-ness' is constructed and, often, presented as a social norm (Beynon 2002).

- The LOLITA effect by MG DURHAM, page 57; These cute, child-sized accoutrements of sex work are potent symbols that make the idea of childhood sex- sexy little girls- cultur
ally acceptable... this is happening in an environment in which child pornography is on the rise...

Page 130; children may be forced into prostitution and pornography to escape from extreme poverty or simply as a reflection of local sexual mores, but the media contributes to a cultural landscape in which the sexual objectification of girls is acceptable and even normal. realistic, strong and non-exploitative representations of girl's sexuality would be a progressive social step, but images of girls posed, styled, and framed as objects of the erotic adult gaze...

chapter 4, page 113

- Image and representation- key concepts in media studies (second edition); chapter 1, introduction to textual analysis- 'Seeing is believing'; of out five senses, it is sight that gives us the most detailed information. it is, for most people, more important than hearing, taste, smell or touch. The majority of us rely on it to such an extent that we neglect the other senses.
Chapter 4: Representation, page 155; any negative behavior by any member of the oppressed community is instantly generalized as typical... representations thus become allegorical... representations of dominant groups, on the other hand, are seen not as allegorical but as 'naturally' diverse... a corrupt White politician is not seen as an 'embarrassm
ent to race' ... yet each negative image of an underrepresented group becomes... sorely overcharged with allegorical meaning (Shohat and Stam: 183)

- The media book, by Boyd-Barrett, Van Den Bulck. Chapter 29 page 269, Gender and the media: the representation of women and femininity(ies); for a long while, studies that addressed issues relating to the representation of men and masculinity did so only when juxtaposing it with the representation of women and femininity.
Chapter 32 page 309; the view that the very focus on women viewers isproblematic since it
assumes that "women" exist as some objective, unified whole, rather than being afragmented and
polysemous category under constant construction by and through social and culturalpractises' (Mumford, 1998: 126). Moreover, "being a women can mean many different things, at different times and in different circumstances' (Ang, 1996:119).

Media magazine, December 2010: The change Issue; BARBARITY & THE BEAST- The BBFC in modern Britain, Page 67; where have all the interesting women gone? If the contemporary portrayal of womenkind were to be believed, contemporary female achievement would culminate in the ownership of expensive handbags, a vibrator, a job, a flat and a man- probably in that order. POWER 2009:1.
page 65: In a world ord
ered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. Mulvey 1985:306.

Drugs across the spectrum, chapter 3; motivations for drug use. Mass media and drugs page 56; One study reported that alcohol appeared in more than 93% of movies and drugs appeared in 22% of movies Another study found that nearly half of G-rated animated films from 1937-2000 depicted characters using or abusing alcohol or tobacco.

introduction to social work and social welfare, Empowering people by Charles Zastrow. Chapter 8 page 250; In 1937 the director of the federal Bureau of Narcotics labeled marijuana "the assassin of youth. The mass media jumped on this campaign and began publishing stories stereotyping marijuana users as "crazed drugs fiends"

Viewer discretion advised, taking control of mass media influences by Jerry McCall.The Payne Fund Studies; public pressure on the movie industry to do something about the widespread concerns that were being voiced about the effect that movie depictions of sex and violence had on children.
In response to this pressure, William Short, the executive director of the Motion picture Research Council (a private educational group), invited a number of the most prominent scholars across various disciplines to design and carry out a series of studies into howmovies affect c
hildren.

Web Research;

- http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/235361-lady-gaga-talks-drugs-again
"At the beginning I was doing performance art in handmade leather and leopard bikinis talking about oral sex and Andy Warhol and heavy metal. My mom was like, 'You've lost your mind.' I was doing drugs; I was really out of control. But I never got so far
into it that I overdosed or anything."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4294476.stm

Obviously, we understand that the movie industry is there to entertain and to make money, and is not an instrument of public health advice.

"But we feel it is surprising that there's no attempt to reflect safe sex practices or the consequences of drug use."

He added: "With globalisation and the growth of home-based media technologies, movies are more accessible to a wider audience and there is convincing evidencethat the entertainment media influences behaviour."

http://www.xomba.com/rock_n_rolls_influence_on_sexual_attitudes

“Most teenagers tend to interpret their favorite songs as being ab

out love, friendship, growing up, life’s struggles, having fun, cars, religion, and other topics that relate to teen life.” The Academy adds “During the past four decades, rock music lyrics have become increasingly explicit-particularly with reference to sex, drugs, and violence.(1219)” Teens today are listening to these songs and accepting them as “okay”. The Academy believes that “Music is important to teenagers’ identity and helps them define important social and sub cultural boundaries.” This is due to the impact music has on the environment that helps teens develop their self worth.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-528970/

Drugs-celebrities-ruined-lives.html

Last week, its drug control agency pointed out that this is one of the worst countries in Europe for cocaine abuse and warned that "celebrity drug offenders can profoundly influence public attitudes".


Read more:

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-528970/Drugs-celebrities-ruinelives.html#ixzz1C4SMtOlo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anqbpL_BN5Y


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7481774.stm

A man who was allegedly elbowed in the head by Amy Winehouse at Glastonbury Festival has handed his digital camera footage of the incident to the BBC.


http://
www.heatworld.com/Celeb-News/2010/12/Miley-Cyrus-filmed-smoking-drugs-fr
om-a-bong/

In the video the teen singer is seen inhaling from the bong as it is passed around the group of friends. Her representatives reportedly claim that the contents are not what you may at first assume, but a perfectly legal high called Salvia. It has a hallucinogenic effect, causing th
e taker to ‘trip’.
http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/01/26/celebrity-big-brother-heidi-fleiss-reveals-there-are-prescription-drugs-in-the-house-115875-21994873/

http://www.okmagazine.com/2010/12/leighton-meester-go
ssips-on-drugs-youd-be-surprised-how-many-people-do-it/

And she’s also leaving her former party life behind
her.

“We had craaaazy parties, we had DJs, bands, an ice luge, a fire twirler. One of my roommates burned off her bangs on the stove trying to light a cigarette. I mean, drinking is one thing — overdrinking is another. And drugs are something that I do not tolerate at all,” Leighton said.” You’d be surprised how many people do it. If you go out and you’re living the nightlife scene, that’s what people do.”


http://hiphop.popcrunch.com/playboy-magazine-celebrity-sex-questions-lil-wayne-t-pain-ray-j/

9. Have you ever used drugs to enhance your sexual experience?
WAYNE: Umm, “some say the ex makes the sex spectacular….” That’s my answer to that. When a woman says, “Can’t we get something?” or “Gimme something to drink?” I say, “I don’t want you to be high because tomorrow you’re not gonna know that it felt that great. You kinda negated some of that by being intoxicated.” So I always tell the woman I am the ultimate high. I am the drug.

10. Have you ever recorded a song while having sex?
WAYNE: I’ve gotten head before while I was doing it, but now that I can sing, I could really pull one off now. It was on a mix-tape or something and it was called “Your Baby Blue.” My concentration was terrible. I never took so long on a song, boy! It was a lot of takes. Some of them was on purpose of course—I was messing up on purpose so she could stay down more!\


Magzines and Newspapers:

Heat; 31 DECEMBER 2010-7 JANUARY 2011: LETS

PARTY! WE'VE SCOURED THE PUBS, MONITORED THE SQUIFFY EYES AND WATCHED THE WOBBLY WALKING TO BRING YOU THE BIGGEST PARTY MONSTERS OF 2010. HIC! Page 4-9

- This articles contains various shots of celebrities as they party hard. with a description including, Number 10; christina Aguilera- Making up for lost time, Xtina seperated from husband Jordan Bratman in the summer and immediately embarked upon a series of epic booze-athons that even Keith Richards might have called "abit much"


Star style: find it! No more fretting- we hunt down your fave celeb outfits to save you the trouble of searching, Page 66-67



This shows that Heat magazine know what audiences want- and that is to look like a celebrity, to know about celebrities and find out the latest gossip everyone is talking about.












FHM in general:


FHM is an international monthly men's lifestyle magazine.

Where FHM give men what they want in a magazine- women, tips- advice, interviews, photos of mainly women in sexy poses. etc.












The sun


Page 3 girls and sports pages are mainly for men while entertainment and health pages are for women, this is a stereotype that can not be broken as institutions think this is the only way in which it will sell and audiences think they want it as they are used to the process of getting what they are given without question.