Mest 4: Task 2 & 3.

Bibliography:

Book Research;

- Media Studies: AS & A2, Representation and regulation, Page 101 - Media Regulations: The Obscene Publications Act (1959, redrafted 1964); ensures that nothing obscene could be represented in the media. So, for example, the 9 p.m. 'watershed' remains important for broadcasters, not just in terms of content of programmes shown pre-watershed, but also in the representation that may be used.

The Sex discrimination act (1986); prevents the broadcast or publication of any material which could be offensive.

The broadcasting act (1990); states that ITC (Independent Television Commission) must ensure that programmes broadcast will not be offensive in any way.

Regulatory bodies: Advertising Standards Agency; is responsible for maintaining standards in adverts and addressing complaints from members of the public who find an advert offensive in some way (Beyonce's HEAT advert)

- EFFECTS THEORY: page 92; The mass audience is thus manipulated and indoctrinated by society and progressively less able to critisise it... In terms of media, we consume, therefore, we watch TV Programmes, not because we want to, but because we have been conditioned to watch them.

- David M. Barlow and Brett Mills, Reading Media Theory; Thinkers, approachers, contexts- Chapter 19 page 482, Feminist media theory; introduction to Feminist media theory.

in 2006 the high-street news-agent chain WHSmith decided that 'lads mags' should not be shelved with other lifestyle magazines as they previously had, but would instead in the top shelf... For those upset by this decision, it was evidence of the unnecessary encroadchment of feminism into everyday life, in which the supposed harmless appreciation of the female body is a bit of a laugh, and quite different from pornography.

Page 493: As a consequence of feminism questioning assumptions about gender norms, there has also recently been a growth in the analysis of masculinity, exploring the ways in which 'male-ness' is constructed and, often, presented as a social norm (Beynon 2002).

- The LOLITA effect by MG DURHAM, page 57; These cute, child-sized accoutrements of sex work are potent symbols that make the idea of childhood sex- sexy little girls- cultur

ally acceptable... this is happening in an environment in which child pornography is on the rise...

Page 130; children may be forced into prostitution and pornography to escape from extreme poverty or simply as a reflection of local sexual mores, but the media contributes to a cultural landscape in which the sexual objectification of girls is acceptable and even normal. realistic, strong and non-exploitative representations of girl's sexuality would be a progressive social step, but images of girls posed, styled, and framed as objects of the erotic adult gaze...

chapter 4, page 113

- Image and representation- key concepts in media studies (second edition); chapter 1, introduction to textual analysis- 'Seeing is believing'; of out five senses, it is sight that gives us the most detailed information. it is, for most people, more important than hearing, taste, smell or touch. The majority of us rely on it to such an extent that we neglect the other senses.

Chapter 4: Representation, page 155; any negative behavior by any member of the oppressed community is instantly generalized as typical... representations thus become allegorical... representations of dominant groups, on the other hand, are seen not as allegorical but as 'naturally' diverse... a corrupt White politician is not seen as an 'embarrassm

ent to race' ... yet each negative image of an underrepresented group becomes... sorely overcharged with allegorical meaning (Shohat and Stam: 183)

- The media book, by Boyd-Barrett, Van Den Bulck. Chapter 29 page 269, Gender and the media: the representation of women and femininity(ies); for a long while, studies that addressed issues relating to the representation of men and masculinity did so only when juxtaposing it with the representation of women and femininity.

Chapter 32 page 309; the view that the very focus on women viewers isproblematic since it

assumes that "women" exist as some objective, unified whole, rather than being afragmented and

polysemous category under constant construction by and through social and culturalpractises' (Mumford, 1998: 126). Moreover, "being a women can mean many different things, at different times and in different circumstances' (Ang, 1996:119).

Media magazine, December 2010: The change Issue; BARBARITY & THE BEAST- The BBFC in modern Britain, Page 67; where have all the interesting women gone? If the contemporary portrayal of womenkind were to be believed, contemporary female achievement would culminate in the ownership of expensive handbags, a vibrator, a job, a flat and a man- probably in that order. POWER 2009:1.

page 65: In a world ord

ered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. Mulvey 1985:306.

Drugs across the spectrum, chapter 3; motivations for drug use. Mass media and drugs page 56; One study reported that alcohol appeared in more than 93% of movies and drugs appeared in 22% of movies Another study found that nearly half of G-rated animated films from 1937-2000 depicted characters using or abusing alcohol or tobacco.

introduction to social work and social welfare, Empowering people by Charles Zastrow. Chapter 8 page 250; In 1937 the director of the federal Bureau of Narcotics labeled marijuana "the assassin of youth. The mass media jumped on this campaign and began publishing stories stereotyping marijuana users as "crazed drugs fiends"

Viewer discretion advised, taking control of mass media influences by Jerry McCall.The Payne Fund Studies; public pressure on the movie industry to do something about the widespread concerns that were being voiced about the effect that movie depictions of sex and violence had on children.

In response to this pressure, William Short, the executive director of the Motion picture Research Council (a private educational group), invited a number of the most prominent scholars across various disciplines to design and carry out a series of studies into howmovies affect c

hildren.

Web Research;

- http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/235361-lady-gaga-talks-drugs-again

"At the beginning I was doing performance art in handmade leather and leopard bikinis talking about oral sex and Andy Warhol and heavy metal. My mom was like, 'You've lost your mind.' I was doing drugs; I was really out of control. But I never got so far

into it that I overdosed or anything."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4294476.stm

Obviously, we understand that the movie industry is there to entertain and to make money, and is not an instrument of public health advice.

"But we feel it is surprising that there's no attempt to reflect safe sex practices or the consequences of drug use."

He added: "With globalisation and the growth of home-based media technologies, movies are more accessible to a wider audience and there is convincing evidencethat the entertainment media influences behaviour."

http://www.xomba.com/rock_n_rolls_influence_on_sexual_attitudes

“Most teenagers tend to interpret their favorite songs as being ab

out love, friendship, growing up, life’s struggles, having fun, cars, religion, and other topics that relate to teen life.” The Academy adds “During the past four decades, rock music lyrics have become increasingly explicit-particularly with reference to sex, drugs, and violence.(1219)” Teens today are listening to these songs and accepting them as “okay”. The Academy believes that “Music is important to teenagers’ identity and helps them define important social and sub cultural boundaries.” This is due to the impact music has on the environment that helps teens develop their self worth.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-528970/

Drugs-celebrities-ruined-lives.html

Last week, its drug control agency pointed out that this is one of the worst countries in Europe for cocaine abuse and warned that "celebrity drug offenders can profoundly influence public attitudes".

Read more:

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-528970/Drugs-celebrities-ruinelives.html#ixzz1C4SMtOlo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anqbpL_BN5Y

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7481774.stm

A man who was allegedly elbowed in the head by Amy Winehouse at Glastonbury Festival has handed his digital camera footage of the incident to the BBC.

http://

www.heatworld.com/Celeb-News/2010/12/Miley-Cyrus-filmed-smoking-drugs-fr

om-a-bong/

In the video the teen singer is seen inhaling from the bong as it is passed around the group of friends. Her representatives reportedly claim that the contents are not what you may at first assume, but a perfectly legal high called Salvia. It has a hallucinogenic effect, causing th

e taker to ‘trip’.

http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/01/26/celebrity-big-brother-heidi-fleiss-reveals-there-are-prescription-drugs-in-the-house-115875-21994873/

http://www.okmagazine.com/2010/12/leighton-meester-go

ssips-on-drugs-youd-be-surprised-how-many-people-do-it/

And she’s also leaving her former party life behind

her.

“We had craaaazy parties, we had DJs, bands, an ice luge, a fire twirler. One of my roommates burned off her bangs on the stove trying to light a cigarette. I mean, drinking is one thing — overdrinking is another. And drugs are something that I do not tolerate at all,” Leighton said.” You’d be surprised how many people do it. If you go out and you’re living the nightlife scene, that’s what people do.”

http://hiphop.popcrunch.com/playboy-magazine-celebrity-sex-questions-lil-wayne-t-pain-ray-j/

9. Have you ever used drugs to enhance your sexual experience?
WAYNE: Umm, “some say the ex makes the sex spectacular….” That’s my answer to that. When a woman says, “Can’t we get something?” or “Gimme something to drink?” I say, “I don’t want you to be high because tomorrow you’re not gonna know that it felt that great. You kinda negated some of that by being intoxicated.” So I always tell the woman I am the ultimate high. I am the drug.

10. Have you ever recorded a song while having sex?
WAYNE: I’ve gotten head before while I was doing it, but now that I can sing, I could really pull one off now. It was on a mix-tape or something and it was called “Your Baby Blue.” My concentration was terrible. I never took so long on a song, boy! It was a lot of takes. Some of them was on purpose of course—I was messing up on purpose so she could stay down more!\

Magzines and Newspapers:

Heat; 31 DECEMBER 2010-7 JANUARY 2011: LETS

PARTY! WE'VE SCOURED THE PUBS, MONITORED THE SQUIFFY EYES AND WATCHED THE WOBBLY WALKING TO BRING YOU THE BIGGEST PARTY MONSTERS OF 2010. HIC! Page 4-9

- This articles contains various shots of celebrities as they party hard. with a description including, Number 10; christina Aguilera- Making up for lost time, Xtina seperated from husband Jordan Bratman in the summer and immediately embarked upon a series of epic booze-athons that even Keith Richards might have called "abit much"

Star style: find it! No more fretting- we hunt down your fave celeb outfits to save you the trouble of searching, Page 66-67

This shows that Heat magazine know what audiences want- and that is to look like a celebrity, to know about celebrities and find out the latest gossip everyone is talking about.

FHM in general:

FHM is an international monthly men's lifestyle magazine.

Where FHM give men what they want in a magazine- women, tips- advice, interviews, photos of mainly women in sexy poses. etc.

The sun

Page 3 girls and sports pages are mainly for men while entertainment and health pages are for women, this is a stereotype that can not be broken as institutions think this is the only way in which it will sell and audiences think they want it as they are used to the process of getting what they are given without question.