John Berger (1972) : observed that ‘according to usage and conventions which are at last being questioned but have by no means been overcome - men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’ (Berger 1972, 45, 47). Berger argues that in European art from the Renaissance onwards women were depicted as being ‘aware of being seen by a [male] spectator’

Berger adds that at least from the seventeenth century, paintings of female nudes reflected the woman’s submission to ‘the owner of both woman and painting’ (ibid., 52).

EVERYTHING HAS CHANGED!!

Quotes: http://thinkexist.com/quotes/john_berger/

“Glamour cannot exist without personal social envy being a common and widespread emotion.”

broadcast:

E-media:

http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze08.html

Print: Way of seeing!

Counter argument.

Counter argument against Dominic Strinati:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/6651847/Literature-Review


It is a brief study of arguments that both support and challenge
dominant hegemonic values with specific reference to Marxist, Feminist and Post feminist theory including elements of Postmodernism. By looking into each aspect of the key themes and concepts including quotes and few examples, it may be possible to identify more dominant reoccurring patterns within society that are particularly specific to either Feminism or Post Feminism.

Against Lyotard:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cO6axnQ0QlQC&pg=PA190&lpg=PA190&dq=counter+argument+against+lyotard&source=bl&ots=AYoXAlTJkh&sig=tyLHt90WqNs1wZAEq2Ai3wGm1Xs&hl=en&ei=jBzZTL6UOIuOjAfh78CoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=counter%20argument%20against%20lyotard&f=false

Merrin(2005):
argues that media studies is an academic discipline that first emerged in the early-mid 20th century, at the same time as the rise of modern mass media - the modern newspaper industry, cinema, radio and television.





"The media do not reflect and represent reality but instead produce it, employing this simultation to justify their own continuing existence."- The audience needs to be told about what is going to happen in the particular text. For example, The Hills!





Broadcast: ...





Print: Baudrillard and the media.





















































E-media:



http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mPOA-aVx9IsC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=essay+on+merrin&source=bl&ots=wf8irxVjxf&sig=c4-mx0NoI-72cPlUt4CH2xdZRXo&hl=en&ei=YkTYTLysLYPJhAfh4e2PBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

Jean Baudrilliard (1980): Believe that the idea of 'truth' needs to be deconstructed so that dominant ideas can be challeneged. so, to gain a sense of a construction you must first deconstruct it.


"Television knows no night. It is perpetual day. TV embodies our fear of the dark, of night, of the other side of things."


Broadcast:




E-media:

http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Jean_Baudrillard/id/1929006

Print: Book about Theories.

Jean-Francois Lyotard (1984):

is a postmodernist theory, who argues that postmodernism is a skepticism that presents no positive alternative.

"What guides Marxism, then, is a different model of society, and a different conception of the function of the knowledge that can be produced by society and acquired from it."


Broadcast:















E-media:
http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/pm/lyotard-introd.htm



Print: Jean-François Lyotard (1979) - The Postmodern Condition

http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/lyotard.htm

Theorist- Part 2!

Dominic Strinati (1995): suggests that post-modern TV and film become preoccupied merely with surface style and imagery, rather than deeper underlying themes, which might relate to the 'realities' of the human condition, and Action blockbuster movies rely on special effects, rather than strong plots and TV drama.- they offer bland narratives that don't benefit the audiences, their only their to entertain!

"Postmodernism tries to come to terms with and understand a media-saturated society. The mass media, for example, were once thought of as holding up a mirror to, and thereby reflecting, a wider social reality. Now that reality is only definable in terms of surface reflection of the mirror" (1992)-- Copycat

Broadcast:

E-media:

http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/2992.html

print:

An Introduction To Theories Of Popular Culture

Platforms: Theorist

Platforms--


Broadcast:


Richard Dyer- stereotype: representations of gay people in the media:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVsI_RZrhYO&feature=relatedtch?v=KVsI_RZrhYO&feature=related

Print: http://vcu.sagepub.com/content/3/3/337.extractm/content/3/3/337.extract

E-Media: http://media.litmuse.net/bibliography/richard-dyer-the-role-of-stereotypes

David Gaunlett:

Broadcast: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtS24lqluq0ube.com/watch?v=LtS24lqluq0

^^ Print: www.theoryhead.com/gender/extract.htm

E-media: http://www.theoryhead.com/gender/extract.htm

Laura Mulvey:

Broadcast: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvJFpdmGCVY

Print: www.haberarts.com/mulvey.htm

E-Media: http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/michaelwarford/entry/laura_mulvey_and/